Tutorial 2

 1.      Write a post discussing the following:

                 (i)            Discuss TCP/IP protocol.

Transport Control Protocol: Transmission control protocol (TCP) is a network communication protocol designed to handles data packets over the Internet. Besides, Transmission Control Protocol is one of the most used protocols in digital network communications and is part of the Internet protocol suite, commonly known as the TCP/IP suite.  

Internet Protocol (TCP/IP): Internet Protocol (IP) is the principal set (or communications protocol) of digital message formats and rules for exchanging messages between computers across a single network or a series of interconnected networks, using the Internet Protocol Suite (often referred to as TCP/IP). Messages are exchanged as datagrams, also known as data packets or just packets. IP is the primary protocol in the Internet Layer of the Internet Protocol Suite, which is a set of communications protocols consisting of four abstraction layers: link layer (lowest), Internet layer, transport layer and application layer (highest).  

              (ii)            Differentiate server side code and client side code. List AT LEAST THREE (3) differences.

Server side code: There are several server-side technologies that can be used when developing web applications. Server-side processing is used to interact with permanent storage like databases or files. The server will also render pages to the client and process user input.  Server-side processing happens when a page is first requested and when pages are posted back to the server. Examples of server-side processing are user validation, saving and retrieving data, and navigating to other pages.

Client side code: Client side development is done almost exclusively in JavaScript. The reason JavaScript is called a client side language is because it runs scripts on your computer after you’ve loaded a web page. In contrast to server-side code, client-side scripts are embedded on the client’s web page and processed on the client’s internet browser. Client-side scripts are written in some type of scripting language like JavaScript and interact directly with the page’s HTML elements like text boxes, buttons, list-boxes and tables. HTML and CSS (cascading style sheets) are also used in the client. In order for client-side code to work, the client’s internet browser must support these languages.

                  (iii)            Differentiate THREE (3) network scopes.

Internet: The internet is a global network of interconnected networks, connecting private, public and university networks in one cohesive unit.

Intranet: An intranet is a private enterprise network that uses internet and web technologies for information gathering and distribution within an organization.

Extranet: An extranet is a community of interest created by extending an intranet to selected entities external to an organization.

Static vs. Dynamic Web Sites

1 1.)    Create a new post: Write a post on topic “Static vs. Dynamic Web Sites”

Static websites

A static website consists of a series of HTML files, each one representing a physical page of a website. So on static sites, each page is a separate HTML file. When you visit the homepage, you are viewing the actual homepage file.

Even if two pages contain a chunk of identical content (like a footer), they both contain two versions. So, if you want to update the footer, you must do so twice, once on each page.

This is fairly straightforward and it’s how all websites were built during the early years of the world wide web.

Advantages of static websites

• Quick to develop
• Cheap to develop
• Cheap to host

Dynamic websites

A dynamic website uses server technologies (such as PHP) to dynamically build a webpage right when a user visits the page.

Basically, what happens is the user goes to a certain web address and the server finds a bunch of different pieces of information that it writes into a single cohesive web page, which is what you see.

Advantages of dynamic websites

• Much more functional website
• Much easier to update
• New content brings people back to the site and helps in the search engines
• Can work as a system to allow staff or users to collaborate

Summary

Many sites from the last decade are static, but more and more people are realising the advantages of having a dynamic website. Dynamic websites can make the most of your site and either use it as a tool or create a professional, interesting experience for your visitors.

This article aimed to tackle some of the questions faced by website owners. If you’d like to comment on this article or have any questions, please contact us

2 2.)    Add photos to your post: Upload ONE (1) print screen of static webpage and ONE (1) print screen of dynamic webpage. 

SStatic Webpage

sDynamic Webpage

13 types of websites

Write a post to discuss the THIRTEEN (13) different types of websites.

Portal- A portal is a web site that offers a variety of Internet services from a single, convenient differentiated. Most of the portals to offer these free services: search engine, news, sports and weather, Web publishing, reference tools such as yellow pages, stock quotes, and maps, shopping, and email and other communications services.

News- A news website contains interesting material including stories and articles relating to news, money, sports, life and time. Many magazine/newspaper sponsor websites that offer summaries of printed articles, as well as the items not included in printed versions.

Informational- Informational websites are those sites which are created in order to provide a customized and branded resource for potential and active customers, members, investors and so forth. These websites are usually content and design driven.

Business/Marketing-A business/marketing website contains that promotes or sells products or services. Almost every company has a website of business/marketing.

Blog-A blog, short for Weblog, is an informal Web site consisting of timestamp, or post articles, a diary or journal format, usually listed in reverse chronological order. A blog that contains video clips called a video blog, or vlog. A microblog allows users to post short messages, usually between 100 and 200 characters, for others to read. Twitter is a popular microblog.

Wiki- A wiki is a collaborative web site that allows users to create, add, edit, or delete the contents of a web site using their web browser. Many wikis are open to modification by the general public.

Online social network- An online social network, also called a social networking web site, is a site that encourages members to his online community to share their interests, ideas, stories, photos, music, and videos with other registered users. Most include chat rooms, newsgroups, and other communications services.

Educational-An educational website offers exciting avenues, stimulating teaching and formal and informal learning. On the Web, you can learn how to style your hair or how to cook a meal.

Entertainment-  An entertainment site offers an interactive and engaging environment. Popular entertainment sites offer music, video, sports, games, web episodes, sweepstakes, chat room and more.

Advocacy- An advocacy site contains content that describes a cause, opinion or idea. These websites usually have views of a particular group or association.

Web Application- A Web application or Web app, is a website that allows users to access and interact with the software through a web browser on any computer or device that connected to the Internet. Some Web applications allow you to have free access to their software. Others offer part of their free software and charge for access to the most comprehensive functions or when a particular action is requested.

Content Aggregator -An aggregator of content is a business that collects and organizes and distributes web content or feeds, content to the Subscriber free of charge or on payment. Examples of distributed content include news, music, video, and pictures.

Personal- A family often not associated with any organization or private individual can maintain a personal site or a single Web page. People to publish personal web pages for a variety of reasons. Some are job hunting. Others simply want to share life experiences with the world.

Tutorial 1

Instruction: Answer ALL questions.

1.      Write a post discussing the following:

                 (i)            Hypertext Transfer Protocol (Http) and Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (Https)

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (Http)

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol could be known as enables the web server software and the client software (i.e. the browser) communicate. HTTP communication consist of 2 phases, the request and the response. Each HTTP communication between a browser and a web server consist of 2 parts: a header and a body.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (Https)

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) is the secure version of HTTP, the protocol over which data is sent between your browser and the website that you are connected to. The 'S' at the end of HTTPS stands for 'Secure'. It means all communications between your browser and the website are encrypted. HTTPS is often used to protect highly confidential online transactions like online banking and online shopping order forms.

Web browsers such as Internet Explorer, Firefox and Chrome also display a padlock icon in the address bar to visually indicate that a HTTPS connection is in effect.  

The major benefits of a HTTPS certificate are:

·         Customer information, like credit card numbers, is encrypted and cannot be intercepted

·         Visitors can verify you are a registered business and that you own the domain

·         Customers are more likely to trust and complete purchases from sites that use HTTPS

              (ii)            Briefly discuss the operation of Packet-Switched Network in your own word. Your discussion must contain AT LEAST 100 words. Please attach with the Packet-Switched Network diagram.

Packet-switched networks move data in separate, small blocks(packets) based on the destination address in each packet. Packet-switched describes the type of network in which relatively small units of data called packets are routed through a network based on the destination address contained within each packet. Breaking communication down into packets allows the same data path to be shared among many users in the network. This type of communication between sender and receiver is known as connection less (rather than dedicated). Most traffic over the Internet uses packet switching and the Internet is basically a connection less network.

When received, packets are reassembled in the proper sequence to make up the message. 

Example of packet-switching: In the second example, you switch on your PC and connect to your favourite site that offers a number of applications you can download from, so you begin downloading one application at a time. Each packet has to find its own route to the destination, i.e., your computer. Each packet finds its way using the information it carries, such as the source and destination IP address. If network congestion occurs, the routers responsible for routing packets between networks will automatically select different paths to ensure data is transferred as required.

                 (iii)           Discuss the differences of cellular transmission General packet radio service (GPRS) and 4G in your own word. Provide with ONE (1) limitation of GPRS

General packet radio service (GPRS)

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a packet-based mobile data service on the global system for mobile communications (GSM) of 3G and 2G cellular communication systems. It is a non-voice, high-speed and useful packet-switching technology intended for GSM networks.

GPRS can be used to enable connections depending on Internet protocols that support a wide variety of enterprises, as well as commercial applications. It enables the sending and receiving of compact data bursts and large data volumes across mobile phone networks. Prior to sending the data, it is broken into individual packets and shifted through the core network and radio. The data is then reassembled at the recipient's end.

4G

4G is a collection of fourth generation cellular data technologies. It succeeds 3G and is also called "IMT-Advanced," or "International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced."

All 4G standards must conform to a set of specifications created by the International Telecommunications Union. For example, all 4G technologies are required to provide peak data transfer rates of at least 100 Mbps. While actual download and upload speeds may vary based on signal strength and wireless interference, 4G data transfer rates can actually surpass those of cable modem and DSL connections.

                 (iv)            Attach a video clip discussing about the history of Internet at the end of the post.

  

Network Topology

In communication networks, a topology is a usually schematic description of the arrangement of network, including its nodes and connecting lines. There are two ways of defining network geometry: the physical topology and the logical (or signal) topology.

The physical topology of a network is the actual geometric layout of workstations. There are several common physical topologies, as described below and as shown in the illustration.

Ring

In ring topology, the computers in the network are connected in a circular fashion, and the data travels in one direction. Each computer is directly connected to the next computer, forming a single pathway for signals through the network. This type of network is easy to install and manage.

Star

In star topology, each computer is connected to a central hub using a point-to-point connection. The central hub can be a computer server that manages the network, or it can be a much simpler device that only makes the connections between computers over the network possible.

Star topology is very popular because the start up costs are low. It is also easy to add new nodes to the network. The network is robust in the sense that if one connection between a computer and the hub fails, the other connections remain intact. If the central hub fails, however, the entire network goes down. It also requires more cable than bus topology and is, therefore, more expensive.

Bus

Bus topology uses one main cable to which all nodes are directly connected. The main cable acts as a backbone for the network. One of the computers in the network typically acts as the computer server. The first advantage of bus topology is that it is easy to connect a computer or peripheral device. The second advantage is that the cable requirements are relatively small, resulting in lower cost.

One of the disadvantages is that if the main cable breaks, the entire network goes down. This type of network is also difficult to troubleshoot. For these reasons, this type of topology is not used for large networks, such as those covering an entire building

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